Electric bus was first introduced globally in 1882 and is now gaining popularity due to increasing global concern on emissions. Buses are one of the most pollution emitting vehicles in a country which are mostly used as public transport. However there have been made several up-gradations in the engine technologies for evolve with the buses with least emission; however the increasing number of public transport due to the increasing population is raising the emission levels. The evolution and penetration of electric and hybrid and fuel cell buses in the global bus market has been observed to be the only solution for emission controls from public transport.
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Electric buses have several other benefits including quieter operation and less dependence on crude oil-led fuels. Additionally, electric buses are more economical than the petroleum and compressed natural gas (CNG) based buses. The operating cost of an electric bus in New York was between USD 0.2 cents-0.3 cents per mile in 2014 as compared to an equivalent diesel or CNG powered buses. The emission regulations from public transport in some Asian countries such as India are not much stricter due to which the customary diesel-powered vehicles are flourishing in the country.
Moreover, the weak power infrastructure in the country is further creating hurdles for the growth of electric buses in the Asian sub-continent. The change in government, which is inclined on cleanliness, may have some implication on the development of electricity-led public transportation in the coming years. However, the governments in developed countries are already prepared to include more numbers of electric buses in their public transport infrastructure. The U.S. department of transportation has recently announced the investment of USD 24.9 million to increase the number of zero-emission buses across America.
Electric buses can be segmented into two broad categories namely non-autonomous electric buses and autonomous electric buses. The non-autonomous electric buses can be further segmented as trolleybus, gapbus and online electric cable. The autonomous electric buses can be categorized under battery electric bus and gyrobus. The non-autonomous electric buses are powered by overhead electric wires, whereas the autonomous electric buses run on rechargeable batteries. However, the autonomous buses are replacing the non-autonomous buses. The common batteries used in electric buses include lithium-ion and iron-phosphate.
Among regions, Asia Pacific dominated the global sales of electric buses in 2013 followed by North America. Globally, China had the largest population of electric buses in the same year. The government of China has been stressing on clean transport which is also reflected in its 12th five year plan where the country has been investing with large amounts in the development of electric and hybrid forms of vehicles in the country. Israel, on the other hand has taken several initiative to develop its electric vehicles infrastructure in the recent years. The country has issued several mandatory requirements including conductive connection to the electric-vehicle general requirement (Israel Standard 61851-1), alternating current charging station for electric vehicle (Israel Standard 61851-22), electric vehicle safety requirements (ECE 100) and energy consumption requirements (ECE101). South Korea has also been increasing its number of electric buses where peanut buses which transfer people from subway stations in downtown to the North Seoul Tower, are gaining popularity. A European Union directive mandates the purchase of electric buses for the public transport services.
The key companies operating in the global electric bus market include BYD Motor Corporation, Proterra Inc., Volvo AG, Zhongtong Bus & Holding Co. Ltd, Yutong, Wuzhoulong, Foton, Golden Dragon and Kinglong.
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